率及其在现场流行病学中的应用知识讲解.ppt

率及其在现场流行病学中的应用;100人的人群中有10例病人10 cases of a disease among a population of 100 ;发病数按地区分布 (1999) Incident cases by place, 1999;各地区发病数百分比 (1999) Proportionate Frequency Incident cases by area, 1999 ;用率可以校正人口基数，让地点间的比较有意义We correct our comparisons by calculating rates that include the number of persons.;病例数 = 人口数 X 率Cases = population*rate;比较发病或患病资料时，必须用率才有意义Rates are necessary to compare incidence data or prevalence data;多数人群特征必须??率才能表达清楚Most person characteristics need rates for clear interpretation.;比，比例Ratios and proportions;流行病学中的率Rates in epidemiology;流行病学常用的率有哪些? What are some common types of rates used in epidemiology?;患病“率” The prevalence “rate”;1998年9月30日时点患病率是多少？*What is the prevalence “rate” on 30/09/1998? ;罹患率The attack rate;二代罹患率The secondary attack rate;如图，甲肝从日托所向家庭接触者的传播。试问二代罹患率是多少？Secondary spread from a nursery to family contacts. What is the secondary attack rate?;发病率The incidence rate;1998年的发病率是多少？*What is the incidence rate for 1998? ;分母应该多大才合适？What size should my denominator be?;人-时率：用它可校正每个病人暴露时间不同A person-time rate corrects for the time period that each patient was exposed.;人时发病率（/1000人日）是多少？An example calculation of a person-time rate for individuals. ;计算人群组的人时数Calculate person-time for each year;其他可以用来估计率或危险度的比Other ratios that estimate rates or risk;发病率与罹患率比较Incidence rate and attack rate;是否真有甲肝爆发？Is there a Hepatitis A outbreak?;用率比和率差来对率进行比较Rates may be compared with rate ratios and rate differences.;如何对几年或几个时期的发病率求平均值？How can I average an incidence rate for many years or periods?;死亡频度的测量Mortality frequency measures;1998年病因别死亡率是多少？*What is cause-specific mortality rate for 1998? ;计算死亡率时分子与分母来源不同Mortality rates (ratios) with different denominator;疾病严重度的测量Indicators of virulence;病死率是多少？What is the case fatality rate? ;1988 年死亡-病例比是多少？What is the death to case ratio for 1998?;出生统计指标 Natality measures;死亡构成比 (PMR)Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR);在计算死亡构成比时，人口与时间被约掉了The population and time is lost from the