报纸与现代记者职业的兴起.ppt

The Advent of Modern Journalism Ochs and the New York Times, 1896 The idea of objectivity as a marketing tool “just the facts” Style influenced by AP wire service (1848) and Edwin Stanton, Lincoln’s Sec. of War Since national and international newspapers reflected a wide range of political orthodoxies, wire service reporters and editors stayed neutral. Also: the less words, the cheaper to transmit over the wires.  The Inverted Pyramid 1) most important details - 5 Ws and H 2) key quotes, supporting evidence 3) supporting facts, more details 4) supporting quotes, more explanation 5) least important details Cut from bottom up Edward Stanton’s wire report of Lincoln’s assassination, 1865: “This evening, at about 9:30 P.M., at Ford’s Theater, the President, while sitting in his private box with Mrs. Lincoln, Mrs. Harris and Major Rathburn, was shot by an assassin, who suddenly entered the box and approached behind the President--The wound is mortal.” Interpretive Journalism Objective style becomes standard by 1920s Limits of objectivity begin to become apparent. After WWI, some newspapers begin to explore analytical function of news. [Wider use of newspaper columns] Press-Radio War. Newspapers angry at broadcasters for reading their news. [Development of broadcast commentary] New Journalism (circa 1960s) Again, criticism of objective-style reporting Advocacy Journalism Precision Journalism New Journalism (circa 1960s) Literary Journalism Roots in writers like Mark Twain Stephen Crane James Agee Ernest Hemingway A.J. Leibling Lillian Ross John Steinbeck Contemporary Practioners: Hunter S. Thompson (gonzo journalism), Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, Joan Didion. Later John McPhee, Tracy Kidder. Hunter S. Thompson Joan Didion Truman Capote Tom Wolfe Newspapers the Rise of Modern Journalism 报纸与现代记者职业的兴起 Colonial Newspapers Sept. 25, 1690: Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick, by Boston printer Benjamin Harris. Banned