语用学chapter4cooperativeprinciple陈新仁何自然何伟.pdfVIP

Chapter Four Cooperative Principle Contents  I. Preliminary examples  II. Implicature  III. H. P. Grice  IV. The cooperative principle  V. Non-observance of the maxims  VI. Properties of conversational implicature  VII. Problems with the cooperative principle 2 I. Preliminary examples 1. Virginia: Do you like my new hat? Mary: It‟s pink. 2. Maggie: Coffee? James: It would keep me awake all night. 3. Phil: Are you going to Steve‟s barbecue? Terry: Well, Steve‟s got those dogs now. 4. Annie: Was the dessert any good? Mike: Annie, cherry pie is cherry pie. 3 Meanings of the answers 1. I don‟t like your hat. 2. I won‟t have some coffee. 3. I don‟t think I‟m going to Steve‟s barbecue. 4. No, the dessert was pretty boring. 4 II. Implicature The additional or different meanings which we observed in the examples are conveyed by means of implicature. Coined by Grice To avoid the logical use of implication Implicature: the meaning additional to or different from the meaning delivered by the linguistic expressions on their own 5 Conventional implicature  Non-truth-conditional aspects of meaning which are conventionally attached to particular linguistic forms (such as discourse-deictic items) – Non-cancelable because they do not depend on particular contexts – Detachable because they rely on particular linguistic items – Cannot be calculated using pragmatic principles and contextual knowledge because 6 they are subject to convention Conversational implicature  Gene