(让学习者选择练习讯息型态.docVIP

陸虹妙 2006/05/01 Chapter 6 Drills Questions What’s a drill program? What are the design factors relevant to drills? What are the advantages of multimedia drills? Q1: What’s a drills program? Drills are used primarily for the third phase, providing practice. (no presentation of information) The general structure and flow of a drill INTRODUCTORY INTRODUCTORY SECTION SELECT ITEM QUESTION AND RESPONSE CLOSING FEEDBACK JUDGE RESPONSE The General Structure and Sequence of a Tutorial Program Q2: What are the design factors relevant to drills? The introduction of a drill Item characteristics Item selection and queuing procedures Feedback Item grouping procedures Motivating the learner Data storage (1) The introduction of a drill Initial learner control (讓學習者選擇練習訊息型態，而不是選擇練習的items) A common and useful part of an introduction is a presentation of the complete list of items (stimuli and responses) to be practiced in the drill. Presenting the list of items serves two purpose: Learners may decide whether it is appropriate for them. It serves as a quick review of the items before the practice begins. (2) Item characteristics: Item types, Hints, Judgement, Graphics in drill items, Item difficulty, Pace and Pacing, item lists and item generation algorithms. Item Types Drill items vs. drill question: An example: paired-associate item (Any pair of related words or events). Other kinds of items are also used in drills: standard questions such as multiple-choice, sentence-completion, and short-answer questions. Item Modes Item Direction ( bidirectional or not) Transfer of Learning Hint Judgments An item is typically considered “incorrect” for purpose of queuing if it is answered correctly only on subsequent tries or if the correct answer is requested by the learner. Graphics in Drill Items Item Difficult Authors should treat the difficulty factor in one of the following ways. Keep difficult constant Increase difficulty based on learner performance Group items by difficulty Pace and Paci