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TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part A Volume 00, Number 00, 2017 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0191 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biphasic Finite Element Modeling Reconciles Mechanical Properties of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs Across Testing Platforms 1,2 1–3 1,2 Gregory R. Meloni, MEng, Matthew B. Fisher, PhD, Brendan D. Stoeckl, MS, 1,2,4 1,2,4,5 George R. Dodge, PhD, and Robert L. Mauck, PhD Cartilage tissue engineering is emerging as a promising treatment for osteoarthritis, and the field has progressed toward utilizing large animal models for proof of concept and preclinical studies. Mechanical testing of the regenerative tissue is an essential outcome for functional evaluation. However, testing modalities and consti- tutive frameworks used to evaluate in vitro grown samples differ substantially from those used to evaluate in vivo derived samples. To address this, we developed finite element (FE) models (using FEBio) of unconfined compression and indentation testing, modalities commonly used for such samples. We determined the model sensitivity to tissue radius and subchondral bone modulus, as well as its ability to estimate material parameters using the built-in parameter optimization tool in FEBio. We then sequentially tested agarose gels of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% weight/weight using a custom indentation platform, followed by unconfined compression. Si- milarly, we evaluated the ability of the model to generate material parameters for living constructs by evalu- 7 ating engineered cartilage. Juvenile bovine mesenchymal stem cells were seeded (2 · 10 cells/mL) in 1% we