美国卫生标准-水和废水标准检测方法.doc

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater ? Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation 9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP*#(1) 9222 A. Introduction The membrane filter (MF) technique is highly reproducible, can be used to test relatively large sample volumes, and usually yields numerical results more rapidly than the multiple-tube fermentation procedure. The MF technique is extremely useful in monitoring drinking water and a variety of natural waters. However, the MF technique has limitations, particularly when testing waters with high turbidity or large numbers of noncoliform (background) bacteria. When the MF technique has not been used previously, it is desirable to conduct parallel tests with the method the laboratory is using currently to demonstrate applicability and comparability. 1. Definition As related to the MF technique, the coliform group is defined as those facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that develop red colonies with a metallic (golden) sheen within 24 h at 35°C on an Endo-type medium containing lactose. Some members of the total coliform group may produce dark red, mucoid, or nucleated colonies without a metallic sheen. When verified these are classified as atypical coliform colonies. When purified cultures of coliform bacteria are tested, they produce negative cytochrome oxidase and positive ?-galactosidase test reactions.?#(2) Generally, pink (non-mucoid), blue, white, or colorless colonies lacking sheen are considered noncoliforms by this technique. 2. Applications Turbidity caused by the presence of algae, particulates, or other interfering material may not permit testing of a sample volume sufficient to yield significant results. Low coliform estimates may be caused by the presence of high numbers of noncoliforms or of toxic substances. The MF technique is applicable to the exami