夏商朝代发展 英语版.docVIP

Page PAGE 1 The Xia and Shang Dynasty Xia Dynasty 夏 - [ca. (? 3,800) 2,200 – 1,776 BCE] - W. Henan Capital probably at Erlitou, city of Yanshi Yu and son first two of 14-17 leaders. Yu 禹contained the Great Flood; constructed water control projects in Yellow River basin. Bronze Age: 2,220 – 500 BCE. Cast bronze into pottery molds to make weapons wine, meat and grain containers for religious rituals. Bronze, jade, lacquer, white pottery, glazed pottery inlayed with turquoise in burial sites. Jie桀 (a tyrant) was overthrown by Tang 汤, who founded the Shang dynasty (ca. 1,776 BCE) Shang Dynasty商 [ca. (1776 – 1045 BCE] - W. of Xia Dynasty Founder – Tang (Shang), the good leader – promote “The Mandate of Heaven” (tiānmìng天命 the will of Heaven)? Xibo on the Luo River– first capital of Shang or city in Xia? Zhengzhou 郑州 (N. Henan) – shared Xia Shang culture Luoyang 洛阳was the capital for several times Worshiped Shangdi 上帝 (Lord on High)。 Chief god of a ruling clan – later worshiped as divine? In the Qin 秦 (Ch’in) dynasty, this “di” became the word for the emperor. Anyang – last Shang capital of Shang Oracle Bones甲骨文 This writing helped to unify the Chinese culture Probably indigenous origin Divination recorded on Oracle Bones indicates importance of Divination before action A few sites, e.g. Dawenkou, 1,000 years earlier Examples also on turtle shells, bronzes, bamboo Royal Ontario Museum – Menzies collection Dr. James Hsiung 許進雄 (at UofT: 1968-1997) The Written Word in Ancient China (Vol. 1 2) – available in RL – East Asian Library (8th floor) Oracle Bones explained and discussed Bronzes Food Wine Vessels used for Ceremonies Symbol of power and wealth (9 bronze vessels) Examples of Extremely Advanced Technology Record Achievements of leader (Zhou dynasty) Organization Ruling élite (in ancestral temples, burial sites) Councillors, ministers, diviners, Civil Officers (by rank) Military specialists, e.g., craftsmen. Got chari