中石化职称英语之油气田工程部分word版__1 Origin of oil and gas.docVIP

Origin of oil and gas Oil and gas result most form dead microorganisms buried quickly in anoxic environments where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose. This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds, a necessary ingredient for the production of fossil fuels. New developing ocean basins, formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting (deformation), provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters. Rivers fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains. Because the basins have constricted water circulation, they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean. Plate tectonics is also responsible for creating the pressure cooker that slowly matures the organics into oil and gas. This process usually takes millions of years, giving the oil and gas deposits time to migrate around the globe on the back of plate eventually force their way to the surface. Alternatively, rifting, collision between landmasses and other tectonic forces can free the mature oil and gas from deep within sedimentary basins and then trap these organic fluids in reservoir before they escape to the earth’s surface .we know these reservoirs as oil and gas fielding. The same plate tectonics that creates the locations and conditions for anoxic burial is also responsible for the geologic paths that these sedimentary basins subsequently take .continental drift, seduction (where one plate thrusts under another) and collision with other continents provide the movement from swamps river deltas and mild climates where most organic are deposited to the poles and deserts, where they have ended up today by coincidence. 石油和天然气大多是由缺氧环境下迅速被掩埋的死亡微生物生成。这种氧气奇缺致使这些微生物无法分解。氧气的缺乏能够使那些死去的微生物保持它们的碳氢键-这是产生化学原料的必要组分。由板块构造运动和大陆裂谷作用而新近演化成的大陆盆地。正好为在缺氧水域的快速埋藏提供了合适环境。河流携带者丰富的有机残余物填充这些盆地。由于这些盆地的水循环收到局限，因此，它们的含氧量比开阔大洋更低。 板块构造还形成一个使有机物缓慢成熟演化称为石油天然气的压力锅油气生成过程通产需要经历数百万年，从而为在板块运动背景下油气的运移提供了时间。因为烃类化合物的浮力比水大，所以他们最终会竭力上升到地表。同时裂谷作用，板块之间的碰撞以及其他构造力可以将沉积盆地深处成熟的石油