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(电子行业企业管理)石
油工程专业外语电子教材
Lesson1
HowItAllBegan
Oil.
Petroleum.
Blackgold.
Formedunderthesurfaceoftheearthmillionsofyearsago,manhaslongbeena
wareoftheexistenceofoil.Yet,ithasonlybeeninthelasthundredyearsorsotha
tmanhasfullyrealizeditsvalueandusefulness.Inhardlymorethanacentury,ou
rmodernsocietyhasbeetotallydependentuponthemenandwomenanddreamsandrea
litiesofthepetroleumindustry.Todaywedependuponpetroleumproductsnotonl
yfortransportation,heating,andgeneratingelectricity,butalsoforfertili
zersandfabrics,plasticsandpantyhose.munitionsandmedicines,paintsandpe
sticides,andthousandsofotheritemswetakeforgrantedeveryday.
Otherfuels,suchascoalanduranium,wouldnotbeavailablewithoutthedies
elfuelandpetroleum-basedexplosivesrequiredtomine,transport,andprocess
them,orthebillionsofcubicfeetofnaturalgasnecessarytomanufacturethePor
tlandcementneededtobuildthegeneratingstationstheyfuel.Inshort,asthepa
stdecadehaspainfullytaughtus,theworld’seconomyisbasednotongoldorpoli
ticalphilosophies,butratheronthepriceofabarrelofcrude.
Manfirstbecameacquaintedwithpetroleumthroughnatural“seeps,”orsp
otsontheearth’ssurfacewhereshallowdepositsofcrudeoil—andoftennatura
lgas—oozedupwardsintopits,creeks,andmarshes,oralongbeachesandbays.Pe
troleum,asthe“rockoil”,wascalledbytheancients,isreferredtonotonlyin
theBible,butalsoinman’searliestrecordedhistory.Oilseepsandbitumenpit
sfurnishedthepitchandasphaltusedinthemortarthatbuilttheTowerofBabel,t
hewallsofNinevah,andSolomon’stemple.Itwasfrom“slimepits”neartheDea
dSea,thattheEgyptiansobtainedthebitumentheyusedtoembalmtheirdead.In30
00B.C.theSumerianswereusingoil-burninglamps,apracticeadoptedinGreecea
round250B.C.
IntheEast,sometimeafter100B.C.,theChinesewerediggingwellshundreds
offeetdeeptoobtainsaltwaterfromwhichtheyextractedthesodiumchloridetos
easonandpreservetheirfood.Occasionallythesewellsalsoproducednaturalga
s,whichtheChineselearnedtousenotonlyforheating
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