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山东科技大学泰山科技学院学生毕业设计(论文)
外文文献翻译
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in
every
country.
In many, including
the United States
and Canada, reinforced
concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction.
The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the
wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete,
gravel,
sand,
and
cement,
the
relatively
simple
skills
required in
concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared
to other
forms of
construction.
Concrete and reinforced
concrete
are used
in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks,
television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures,
dams, and even in ships.
Reinforced
concrete
structures
may be cast-in-place
concrete,
constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete
produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete
structures
may be severe
and functional
in
design,
or the
shape and layout
and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the
architect and engineer such versatility and scope.
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result,
cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature
changes, give rise
to tensile
stresses in
excess of
the tensile
strength
of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral
axis due to applied
loads
are resisted
by an internal
tension-compression
couple
involving
tension
in the
concrete.
Such a beamfails
very
suddenly
and completely
when the first
crack forms.
In a reinforced
concrete
beam,
steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension
forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be
developed in the bars.
The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building
a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be
st
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