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Chapter6 Culture During the Renaissance Cultural achievement of the renaissance  Renaissance art In every age, artistic achievement represents a combination of individual talent and predominant sOCial ideals. Renaissance artists were attempting to solve problems about perspective and three dimensionality that had defeated their predecessors The urban character of Italian government led to the need for civic architecture, public buildings in a grand scale. The celebration of individual achievement led to the explosive growth of portraiture  1. Art in the early Period Realist tendency was obvious in the art of the early period of the Renaissance, and visible mostly in the use of religious subject matter drawn from Biblical and mythological legends and figures. Works such as those of Giotto di Bondone(1266 1337)in painting, Donatello and ghiberti 吉贝尔蒂 in sculpture are perfect examples  The most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period is Giotto whose work revealed a new pictorial style demonstrated by a kind of clear, simple structure with great psychological penetration, rather than the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchica按等级划分的 compositions of his predecessors and lesser次要的 contemporaries Giotto discarded the two-dimensionality advocated by the Byzantine winters and instead pioneered the representation of emotions such as grief and astonishment on the faces of his subjects The latter two both studied anatomy and based their art on the solid oundation of science Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) solved the problem of the pillarless dome  Got(乔托) Giotto di bondone (c.1266-1337 Italian painter giotto is held in high regard as the artist who moved away from the traditional medieval technique of portraying the human dimensional character. An artist far protray humans as roundel gan to ahead of his time giotto be proportioned, and naturalistic. His work influenced the development of Renaissance art more than a cen