临床流行病学：预后评价和循证医学.pptVIP

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE BIOMEDICAL LITERATUREPROGNOSIS Critical appraisal of: “Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death” N Eng J Med 2005; 353: 2034-2041. Thank you * This is often referred to as the evidence pyramid. It is used to illustrate the evolution of the literature. The base of the pyramid is where information usually starts with an idea or laboratory research. As these ideas turn into drugs and diagnostic tools they are tested in laboratories models, then in animals, and finally in humans. The human testing may begin with volunteers and go through severa