埃里克·埃里克森的八个心理发展阶段.ppt

Erik Eriksons eight stages of psychological development Erik Erikson: 爱利克?埃里克森 美国著名精神病医师，新精神分析派的代表 心理社会阶段（人格发展阶段）理论观点： 人的自我意识发展持续一生 自我意识的形成和发展过程分为八个阶段 这八个阶段的顺序是由遗传决定的 每一阶段能否顺利度过是由环境决定的 每一个阶段都是不可忽视的 Erik Eriksons eight stages of psychological development stage age conflict 1 0-1year old 　trust vs. mistrust 2 2-3 years old 　autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3 about 4 　initiative vs. guilt 4 the early school years 　industry vs. inferiority 5 adolescence 　self-identity vs. role-confusion 6 young adult 　intimacy vs. isolation 7 middle-age 　generavity vs. stagnation 8 old age 　integrity vs. despair Stage1:early infancy (about 1 year old) Trust vs. distrust Infants require comfort from caregivers to develop a sense of trust towards others and their surroundings. If this comfort is not provided, mistrust will be developed. Question: When the baby is crying,  should parents show up timely? Answer: Yes! Whether parents can show up timely is of critical importance in the process of establishing infant’s trust. Infants with strong sense of trust dare hope, dare dream, have strong and sustained determination, and are more likely to succeed in later life. Stage2: age of 2 or 3 Autonomy vs. shame doubt Self-competence Appropriate actions by caregivers can help to establish a basic attitude of “I can do it” In this period, children learn much, like to climb, walk, speak, etc. they begin to do or not to do things according to their own will. Question: what should be the proper attitudes of parents toward children?To spoil? To punish strictly? Answer: to forgive but not to spoil. allow errors in the process of exploration. In stage 1, they rely extremely on others. But in stage 2, curious about the world, they try to explore.( to walk, eat, etc. by their own ) If parents let them to do something that they can do, and praise them after they finish, their autonomy will be spurred. If parents do everything for