Lecture7 构造运动与地质构造.pdfVIP

Chapter 7 Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Continents 构造运动与地质构造 Outline • Rock deformation 岩石的变形 – Stress and strain – Strike and dipp • Deformation and Geologic Structures 岩石的变形与地质构造岩石的变形与地质构造 – Folds – Faults – Joints • Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building • EarthEarth’ss ContinentalContinental CrustCrust Rock Deformation • DeformationDeformation isis aa generalgeneral termterm thatthat inin geologygeology appliesapplies toto anyany change in the shape or volume of rock layers, such as when they are folded or fractured. • Dynamic forces at plate boundaries cause fracturing, folding, metamorphism, and igneous activity • Rock deformation and mountain building are closely related Rock Deformation – Applied stresses can deform or strain rocks until they become contorted or fracture. – Stress 应力is a force – Strain 应变is the change in shape that results from the stress being applied. Deformation and strain are the same thing. Stress • Types - compressional, tensional or shear. – Compression 压缩力– folding and faulting – IIn compressiion ththe rockks are squeezedd towards one another along the same line. – Rock layers in compression are shortened the rocks by folding 褶皱or faulting 断层 Stress – Tension 张力- faulting – In tension the forces along the same line act in opposite directions. – Tension lengthens the rocks or pulls them apart as faulting. Stress – Shear 剪切力– faulting along planes – In shear the forces act parallel to one another, but in opposite directions – Deformation occurs along closely spaced planes like the slip between cards in a deck. Strain • TTypes off StStraiin – Elastic strain 弹性应变 occurs ifif rockk