哈佛大学生理学.pptVIP

Chapter 9, part A The Central Nervous System About this Chapter Emergent properties of the nervous system Anatomy and functions of the CNS Divisions of the brain and what each controls Integration of complex pathways for behavior Language, memory and others Evolution of the Nervous System Nerve net – jellyfish Simple brain nerve cord – flatworm Brain nerve cord with ganglia – earthworm Increasing forebrain – fish, bird human Olfactory – fish Complex behavior – birds Reasoning cognition – humans Evolution of the Nervous System Embryonic Development of Nervous System Neural plate to neural tube Neural crest–PNS Anterior forms brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Hollow ventricles Spinal cord Embryonic Development of Nervous System Central Nervous System: Overview Brain Spinal cord Protecting the Brain Hair, skin, cranium Venous sinus blood Meninges Drua mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid From coracoid plexus Fills ventricles subarachnoid Fluid pillow floats brain Exchange transport From blood To brain tissue Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood Brain Barrier Extensive capillaries sinuses Tight junctions: limit permeability Astrocyte foot processes: secrete paracrines Protects brain: hormones circulating chemicals Many glucose transporters Spinal Cord Regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Spinal Cord Organization Gray matter: mostly cell bodies Dendrites terminals Spinal reflex integrating center White matter Bundles of myelinated axons Ascending tracts – sensory Descending tracts – motor Dorsal roots Ventral roots Spinal Cord Organization Brain Overview Trillion interneurons fill the brain Up to 200,000 synapses each Brain divisions Cerebrum Diencephalons Midbrain Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Brain Overview Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons Medulla Many cranial nerves enter Pyramids – nerve tracts crossover Midbrain – eye movement control Pons – breathing, signal relay Medulla – involuntary functions Examples: Blood pres