医学生理学课件 神经系统.pptVIP

* Organization of the nervous system; basic functions of synapses and transmitter substances Organization of the Nervous system The Center Nervous System Neuron – The Basic Functional Unit The central nervous system contains more than 100 billion neurons. The incoming signal enter the neuron through synapses mainly on the neuronal dendrite, but also on the cell body. A special feature of most synapses is that the signal normally passes only in the forward direction (from axon to dendrites). For different types of neurons, there may be only a few hundred or as many as 200,000 such synaptic connections from the input fibers. Sensory Division of the Nervous System – Sensory Receptors Most activities of the nervous system are initiated by sensory experience emanating from sensory receptors, whether visual receptors in the eyes, auditory receptors in the ears, tactile receptor on the surface of the body, or other kinds of receptors. This sensory experience can cause an immediate reaction from the brain, or memory of the experience can be stored in the brain for minutes, weeks, or years and determine bodily reactions at some future date. Motor Division – The Effectors The most important eventual role of the nervous system is to control the various bodily activities. This is achieved by controlling: Contraction of appropriate skeletal muscles throughout the body Contraction of smooth muscle in the internal organs Secretion by both exocrine and endocrine glands in many parts of the body Processing of information – “Integrative” function of Nervous system One of the most important functions of the nervous system is to process incoming information in such a way that appropriate mental and motor responses will occur. More than 99% of all sensory information is discarded by the brain as irrelevant and unimportant. When important sensory information excites the mind, it is immediately channeled into proper integrative and motor regions of the brain to cause desired responses.