语言学名词解释07790.docx

v1.0 可编辑可修改 名词解释 1. Prescriptive and Descriptive 规定性的和描述性的 Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive. 描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。 规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法， 什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。 2. Langue and Parole 语言和言语 Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules. 语言是一种社会机制、 是一种语言的理想形式、 是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的 抽象的语言系统。 言语是指语言体系在实际使用过程中的体现或者说具体化，具有个人特点并受语境的约束。 3. Competence and Performance 语言能力和语言运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user of his language, and performance the actual in linguistic communication.  ’s knowledge of the rules realization of this knowledge 1 v1.0 可编辑可修改 乔姆斯基将语言能力定义为理想的用户对自己语言的规则的认识， 并在语言交际中体现了这 方面的知识。 语言运用是指一个人在自己的语言生成和理解过程中对语言知识的运用。 4. Language 语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类交际中使用的任意性的语音符号系统。 arbitrary [ ? a:rb ? treri] 随意的 vocal [ ? vo? kl] 有声音的 5. Phonetics [f ? ? n? t ? ks] 语音学 Phonetics refers to the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world ’s language. 语音学：它是研究语言的声音媒介的学科，即研究人类语言中所使用的全部语音的学科。 语音学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是用于所有人类的语音。 phonic [ ? fa:n ? k] 声学的，声音的，有声的 medium [ ? midi ? m] 媒介物， 媒质 6. International Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）国际英标 IPA refers to a standardized and internationally accepted system of symbols used to represent the speech sounds used in communication; the principle of IPA is to use one letter(taken from the major European language) to