IGCSE经济重点词汇-employment.docxVIP

I G 经 济 - E m p l o y m e n t a n d U n e m p l o y m e n t KeyTerms Meaning Definition Workforce 劳动力 Labourforceorworkingpopulationinaneconomyincludesthen labourforce umberofunemployedandemployedplusself-employed. unemployment 失业 Unemploymentoccurswhenpeopleofworkingagearebothwillin gandabletoworkbutcannotfindemployment. Unemployment 失业率 Unemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpercentageofth rate etotalworkforce.(China3.95%,America4.1%,Oct.2017) Frictional 摩擦的 Frictionalunemploymentisthetransitionalunemploymentth atoccurswhenpeoplechangejobs,duetothetimedelaybetween leavingajobandfindingorstartinganewone. Seasonal 季节的 Seasonalunemploymentiscausedbyregularandperiodicalcha ngesindemandforcertainproducts.Forexample,fruitpicker sareinhighdemandduringthesummermonthswhileretailerste ndtohiremoretemporaryworkersduringtheChristmasseason. Tourismandfarmingalsohavethesameissue. technologica 技术的 Technologicalunemploymentoccurswhenworkerslosetheirjo l bsduetofirmsoptingtousecapital-intensivetechnologies. Thiscancauselargescaleunemploymentincertainindustries .Forexample,supermarketsinEuropeintroducedself-servic echeckoutsin2009.Theirhugesuccessandcostsavingsforsup ermarketsandotherretailersmeanthatfewerworkersneedtob ehired. Youthunemplo 青年失业 Youthunemploymentaffectstheworkingpopulationaged21orb yment elowbecausetheyhaverelativelyfewerskillsandlessexperi ence,sotheyarethemostlikelytobeaffectedduringaneconom icdownturn.(Spain55.7%2013) Regional 地区的 Regionalunemploymentoccurswhenunemploymentaffectsspec ificgeographicalareasofthecountry.Whilebusycentralbus inessdistrictstendtohavehigherratesofemployment,remot eruralareashaverelativelyhighratesofunemployment. Structural 结构的 Structuralunemploymentoccurswhenthedemandforproductsi naparticularindustryfalls,oftenduetoforeigncompetitio northecountry ’ sindustryreformpolicy. voluntary 自愿的 Voluntaryunemploymentoccurswhenworkerschoosenottowork .Thisusuallyexistsineconomieswithrelativelygenerouswe lfarebenefitsfortheunemployedaswellashighr