操作系统概念英文课件：Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Systems.pptVIP

Cost Main memory is much more expensive than disk storage The cost per megabyte of hard disk storage is competitive with magnetic tape if only one tape is used per drive. The cheapest tape drives and the cheapest disk drives have had about the same storage capacity over the years. Tertiary storage gives a cost savings only when the number of cartridges is considerably larger than the number of drives. Price per Megabyte of DRAM, From 1981 to 2004 Price per Megabyte of Magnetic Hard Disk, From 1981 to 2004 Price per Megabyte of a Tape Drive, From 1984-2000 12.2 12.9 12.* Operating System Concepts Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Disk Attachment Stable-Storage Implementation Tertiary Storage Devices Operating System Issues Performance Issues Swap-Space Management Swap-space — Virtual memory uses disk space as an extension of main memory. Swap-space can be carved out of the normal file system,(在普通的文件系统上创建) or, more commonly, it can be in a separate disk partition.(独立的磁盘分区) Swap-space management 4.3BSD allocates swap space when process starts; holds text segment (the program) and data segment. Kernel uses swap maps to track swap-space use. Solaris 2 allocates swap space only when a page is forced out of physical memory, not when the virtual memory page is first created. Data Structures for Swapping on Linux Systems RAID Structure RAID – multiple disk drives provides reliability via redundancy.(冗余) RAID is arranged into six different levels. RAID (cont) Several improvements in disk-use techniques involve the use of multiple disks working cooperatively. Disk striping(分散) uses a group of disks as one storage unit. RAID schemes improve performance and improve the reliability of the storage system by storing redundant data. Mirroring or shadowing (镜像)keeps duplicate of each disk. Block interleaved parity(奇偶位) uses much less redundancy. RAID Levels RAID (0 + 1) and (1 + 0) Stable-Storage Implementation Write-ahead log scheme requires stable storage. To implement stabl