电磁场与电磁波：2 VECTOR ANALYSIS.pptVIP

* 等值面 f(x,y,z)=c Geometric meaning of the gradient ?f dl The gradient is perpendicular to 等值面 * ２.８ The Gradient of a Scalar Function The gradient of a scalar function f(x,y,z) is The properties of the gradient of a scalar function at a point as follows: Normal direction, Magnitude Ex. Find the gradient of a scalar field f(x,y,z)=6x2y3+ez at the point P(2,1,0). Solution * ２.８ The Gradient of a Scalar Function In rectangular coordinates In cylindrical coordinates In spherical coordinates * Ex. Find the gradient of r where r is the magnitude of the position vector in the cylindrical coordinate system. ２.８ The Gradient of a Scalar Function In cylindrical coordinates Solution * ２.８ The Gradient of a Scalar Function In spherical coordinates Ex. Find the gradient of a scalar field u. Solution * ２.９ Divergence of a Vector Field The outward flow Let ? 0 ? 0 ? = 0 * ２.９ Divergence of a Vector Field The divergence of the vector field F In the rectangular coordinate system * ２.９ Divergence of a Vector Field In rectangular coordinates In cylindrical coordinates In spherical coordinates * 六面体很小， 近似： * 级数展开： 因此，得： * Ex. Find the divergence of a vector field Solution In the rectangular coordinate system * Ex. Find the divergence of a vector field Solution In spherical coordinates * ２.９ Divergence of a Vector Field The Divergence Theorem * ２.10 The Curl of a Vector Field The circulation (环量） of A ： . The line integral of a vector field A around a closed path （在一个小平面内） * The curl （旋量）of A * * * * The curl of a vector field is that it represents the circulationnper unit area of the vector field taken around a small area of any shape. Its direction is normal to the plane of the surface. Curl In the Cartesian coordinate system is ２.10 The Curl of a Vector Field * ２.10 The Curl of a Vector Field In cylindrical coordinates If that * ２.10 The Curl of a Vector Field