语言学课后习题答案.docxVIP

PAGE PAGE # Chapter 1 Introduction De ?ne the following terms brie ?y. lin guistics: the scie nti ?c or systematic study of Ian guage. Ianguage: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog. duality: the way meanin gless eleme nts of Ian guage at one level (so unds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level. compete nce: kno wledge of the grammar of a Ian guage as a formal abstract ion and disti net from the behavior of actual la nguage use, i.e. performa nce. performa nce: Chomsky term for actual Ian guage behavior as dist inct from the kno wledge that un derlies it, or compete nce. stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. phatic com munion: Lan guage is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social con tact betwee n the speaker and the hearer. functionalism: the study of the forms of Ianguage in reference to their social fun cti on in com mun icatio n. formalism: the study of the abstract forms of Ian guage and their internal relati ons. synchronic lin guistics: the study of Ian guage and speech as they are used at a give n mome nt and not in terms of how they have evolved over time. diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to look ing at Ian guage as it is used at a give n mome nt. No, Ian guage is huma n-speci ?c. Huma n Ian guage has seve n desig n features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displaceme nt, specializati on and cultural tran smissi on. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs or pigs noises and thus set human Ianguage apart from ani mal cry systems. Arbitrari ness refers to the fact that there is no logical or in tri nsic connection bet ween a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example,