论明清时期晋商在山东地区的经营活动.pdfVIP

摘要 摘 要 明清两代，中国北方边境的形势为晋商提供了重大商机。在明代，中国北方边境地区 少数民族和汉族长期军事对峙，战乱频仍，明王朝为北部边镇大量驻军筹集粮饷而推行开 中制，山西商人借地利之便，捷足先登，集粮商、盐商于一身，迅速兴起。在此基础上， 山西商人在清朝发展更为迅猛，跃居“十大商帮”之首，晋商经营范围扩展到山东地区并 且获得巨大成功。 明清时期，从全国交通条件来看，由南至北，从东往西，山西不仅省内各地区贸易往 来频繁而且与相邻的其他地区也互通有无，这就为山西商人向山东扩展提供了必要的条 件。晋商采取联号制经营方式，并且以地域和血缘关系为纽带在山东多地建立会馆，运用 伙计制和顶身股制并与官员结合寻求庇护。经商过程中审时度势，善于发现商机，重视信 誉，重用人才。这些都为晋商的崛起提供了条件。山西商人大量涌入山东地区，有的设坊 开店，有的进行远程转贩，有的设立票庄，为了增强商业竞争力，晋商还团结同乡修建会 馆。晋商经营广泛，财力雄厚，甚至垄断了某些地方的食盐、粮食、棉布、典当、票号等 行业。清末政局动荡，晋商墨守成规错失改革良机，加之后辈生活奢侈腐化，晋商在山东 地区的经营活动逐渐衰败。 研究明清时期山东地区晋商的经营活动，分析晋商经营活动对山东地区人口资源、建 筑、民俗以及饮食等方面的影响，总结晋商经营过程中的经验并吸取其教训，对新晋商在 新时期开展商业活动有一定的借鉴意义。 关键词：明清时期，晋商，山东地区，经营活动，社会影响 I Abstract Abstract DuringtheMing and Qing dynasties,the situation on thenorthern border of Chinaprovided a great opportunity for the Shanxi merchants. In the Ming dynasty, the Chinese northern minorities and han nationality was long-term in a state of military confrontation on the northern border, their war was frequently.For the sake of a large number of troops, Ming dynasty raised the open expense system , Shanxi merchants was in the right place and got ahead, set food “ ” dealer and salt merchants, and grew rapidly.On thisbasis,the development of Shanxi merchants in the Qing dynasty was more rapidly, become the first of top ten business group, the latter businessscopeexpandedtothe Shandongregion andacquired ahuge success. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, from the point of the national traffic conditions, from south tonorth, from east towest,not only in Shanxi Provinceregional trade and other areaswith adjacent exchange frequently, it provided the necessary conditions for Shanxi merchants to expand Shandong. The Shanxi merchants took the form o