第二章教学稿Speech Sounds.ppt

Chapter Two Speech Sounds;3. From phonetics to phonology;3.1 Coarticulation 协同发音;The fact that the vowel [?] in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call nasalization. To indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we add a diacritic to the top of the symbol [?], as [??]. ;[p] is aspirated in peak and unaspirated in speak. This aspirated voiceless bilabial stop is thus indicated by the diacritic h, as [ph], whereas the unaspirated counterpart is transcribed as [p]. ;When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription宽式转写. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription严式转写. Both are phonetic transcriptions 语音转写so we put both forms in square brackets [ ]. ;3.2 Phonemes ;Crystal: ‘Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not’. Minimal pairs test最小对立体测试、最小对比对测试 When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occur in the same place in the string, the two forms are supposed to form a minimal pair.;The word ‘phoneme’音位 simply refers to a ‘unit of explicit sound contrast’: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts. By selecting one type of sound instead of another we can distinguish one word from another.;By convention, phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines (/ /) while phonetic transcriptions are placed between square brackets ([ ]). In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the ‘broad’ transcriptions. ;3.3 Allophones 音位变体;/p/ ? [p] /?[s] _____ [ph] elsewhere This phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different positions is called allophony or allophonic variation. ;Velarization: clear l and dark l /?/ ? [?] / _____ V [?] / V _____ Think about tell and telling!;Pho