语言学重点概念.docx

ChaPter One Introduction 一、定义 语言学 Lingui st ics LingUiStics i S genera I Iy defined as the SCientific StUdy Of I anguage? 普通语言学 GeneraI Linguistics The StUdy Of Ianguage as a WhOIe i S Often CalIed Genera I Ii ngu i Stics. 3?语言Ianguage Language i S a SyStem Of arb i trary VOCa I SymbO IS USed for human COmmUniCat ion. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 识别特征 DeS i gn FeatUreS It refers to the def ining POPerties Of human Ianguage that diStinguish it from any animal SyStem Of COmmUniCation. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性 特征。 Arbitrar iness 任意性 PrOdUCtiVity 多产性 DUa I ity双重性 DiSPI acement 移位性 CUItUral transmission 文化传递 (1 )arb it rar i ness There i S no IOgiCal COnnection betWeen meanings and SOUndS? the arb itrary natUre Of Ianguage is a Sign of SOPh i Sticat ion and it makes it POSSibIe for Ianguage to have an Unl imited SOUrCe Of express i OnS (2)PrOdUCt i v ity AnimalS are quite I imited in the messages they are abIe to Send? ⑶DUa Ii ty Language i S a SyStern, Wh i Ch COnS i Sts Of two SetS Of Struetures , Or two I eve IS? Di SPI aceme nt Language Can be USed to refer to COrTteXtS removed from the immediate SitUatiOnS Of the speaker. Cu ItUra I tranSmiSS iOn HUlTlan CaPaCity for Ianguage has a genetic basis, but We have to be taught and I earned the details Of any Ianguage SyStem. th i S ShOWed that Ianguage iS CUltUral Iy transmitted. not by instinct, animals are born VVith the CaPaCity to PrOdUCe the Set Of CalIS PeCUIiar to thei r species. 语言能力COmPetenCe COmPetence i S the ideaI USer, S knoWledge Of the ruIes Of hi S I anguage? ??言运用 PerfOrmance PerfOrmanCe iS the actual reaIiZation Of thiS knowledge in Ii ngu i st i c COmmUn i Cat i on. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 历时语言学 Di achroniC I i nguist ics The StUdy Of Ianguage Change through time, a diachronic StUdy Of Ianguage i S a histori cal StUdy, WhiCh StUd i es the h i Stori cal deveI OPment Of Ianguage OVer a Per i Od Of time. 共时语言学 SynChrOniCa I I inguist ics The StUdy Of a given Ianguage at a given time. 语言 Iangue The abstract I