大一下学习新建西方文明史chapter 8 the enlightenment-for students.pptVIP

Chapter 8 The Enlightenment and the Revolution of the Mind Enlightenment as an Intellectual Movement The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century, originating in France. The Age of Reason What was it? Progressive Rationalistic Humanistic worldview Factors leading to the emergence of the Enlightenment the 17th century Science Revolution (Newton), scepticism about religion the impact of travel literature---evaluating civilisation relative to others the hope of a ‘brave new world’ built on reason Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Revealed Religion Scientific method could be applied to society as well Society can get better as risks are taken Man is naturally good Good life is on earth Famous Enlightenment Thinkers Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 康德 Enlightenment was a personal process—release from immaturity “Dare to Know”—Enlightenment was an act of personal courage John Locke (1632-1704) 约翰· 洛克 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Natural rights: life, liberty, property Voltaire (1694-1778) 伏尔泰 Enthusiasm for English institutions Admirer of Louis XIV Treatise on Toleration Diderot’s Encyclopedia狄德罗 Attempted to illustrate all human knowledge Emphasis on practical science Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) 孟德斯鸠 The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Power must check power Admires British government French parlements must be defenders of liberty Influence in the US Montesquieu’s 3 basic kinds of government republics共和政体, for small states and based on citizen involvement; monarchy君主政体, for middle-sized states and grounded in the ruling class’s adherence to law; despotism 专制统治, for large empires and dependent on fear to inspire obedience. separation of powers三权分裂 the greatest freedom and security for a state : separation of powers：executive, legislative, and judicial powers checks and balances---to limit and control each other US checks balances Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)让·雅克·卢梭 The So