大气科学概论：第4章 1全球风系第1节大气环流.pptVIP

提问：白贝罗定律、地面上风围绕低压为什么向低压中心偏？ * 第4章 全球风系 Wind: Global System 第一节 大气总环流 General Circulation of the Atmosphere 补充：地转风、梯度风、地面的摩擦效应 第二节 急流 Jet Streams 第三节 海气相互作用 Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions Halley’s (1686) map of surface wind streamlines 300多年前海表面风系 第一节 大气总环流General circulation of the atmosphere Rotating high and low pressure areas are like spinning eddies in a huge river. The flow of air around the globe is like the meandering river itself. Notice how winds blow around a high or a low Advanced image processing techniques convert satellite data into a global picture of winds 大气总环流: 对全球风场进行长期的平均。 在总环流中局地风场分布消失。 Single-cell model (numerical simulations GCM)单圈环流 （直接的热力环流，Hadley 环流） Assumptions: 假设 the earth’s surface is uniformly covered with water;水球 the sun is always directly over the equator;太阳总在赤道 the earth does not rotate.地球不转 The only force is the pressure gradient force produced by thermal inequities of the global.只有气压梯度力 This single-cell model is the Hadley cell driven by energy from the sun单圈环流（Hadley环流）：唯一驱动力来自太阳 In this manner, some of the excess energy of the tropics is transported as sensible and latent heat to the regions of energy deficit at the poles. Problems: the earth’s spin prevailing winds Three cell model三圈环流 Three concepts:3个概念 1、 pressure gradient force 气压梯度力 2、 Coriolis force 柯氏力 3、 geostrophic wind 地转风 影响风的力：Forces that influence the winds 气压梯度力（Pressure gradient force）在第3章中已经讲过　 PGF总是由高压指向低压，与等压线垂直。大小与气压梯度成正比与两等压线的距离成反比。 为空间任一等P值曲面上任一点Ａ的法向单位矢量． 柯氏力Coriolis force － an apparent force due to the rotation of the earth All free-moving objects, such as ocean currents, aircraft, and air molecules seem to deflect from a straight-line path because the earth rotates under them. 柯氏力在北半球（南半球）使空气向其运动的右（左）侧偏转 柯氏力的大小: 1.the rotation of the earth, 2.the latitude,3.the object’s speed. CF=2?Vsin? 偏转量取决于：1）地球的自转，2）地理纬度，3）运动物体的速度。柯氏参数： The relative variation of the CF at different latitudes with different wind speeds不同纬度、不同速度下CF的相对变化 Geostro