2014-AP微积分CALCULUS知识点总结.docxVIP

A DERIVATIVE FUNCTION The derivative function or simply the derivative is defined as f ( x) ＝ y ＝ lim y lim f ( x x) f (x) x 0 x x 0 x Find the derivative function Find y , b) Find the average rate of change y , x c) Find the limit lim y . x 0 x Geometric significance Consider a general function y=f(x), a fixed point A(a,f(a)) and a variable point B(x,f(x)). The slope of chord AB= f ( x) f ( a) . x a Now as B A, x a and the slope of chord AB slope of tangent at A. So, limxa f ( x) f (a) is f (a) . x a Thus, we can know the derivative at x=a is the slope of the tangent at x=a. Rules C(a constant) 0 The chain rule dy dy du If y f (u) where u u(x) then . dx du dx f (x) u( x)v ( x ) eln u ( x )v ( x) ev ( x) ln u ( x ) , f (x) ev ( x) ln u ( x ) [v (x) ln u(x) v( x)u (x) ] u( x) 6. Inverse function, Parametric function and Implicit function dy 1 f (x) 1 , Inverse function: , 1 ( x)] dx dx dy [ f i.e., y arcsinx , x sin y Parametric function: dy dy dt dx , dx dt i.e., y (t ) , x (t) → t 1 (x) , y [ 1 (x)] Implicit function: F ( x, y( x)) 0 , F ( x, f (x)) 0 . x2 y2 - a2 x a cost , t [0,2 ] 0 , asin t y 7. High derivative y=sinx y cosx sin( x ) , y cos(x ) sin( x 2 ) 2 2 2 B APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Monotonicity If S is an interval of real numbers and f(x) is defined for all x in S, then ： f(x) is increasing on S f(x) is decreasing on S b) Find the monotone interval Find domain of the function,  f (x) 0 for all x in S, and f (x) 0 for all x in S. Find f (x) , and x which make f (x) 0, Draw sign diagram, find the monotone interval. Maxima/Minima, Horizontal inflection, Stationary point C INTEGRAL The idea of definite integral b Wedefine the unique number between all lower and upper sums as a  f ( x)dx and call it “the definite integral of f (x) from a to b ”, n 1 b n b a i.e., f ( xi ) x a f ( x)dx f (xi ) x where x . i 0 i 1 n We note that as n n 1 b , f ( xi ) x a i 0 We write lim n b f (xi ) x a f ( x)dx . n i 1