课件文稿资料suc生化课件f3 dna organization.pptVIP

* * * 3 DNA organization in chromosomes Every cell of a multicellular organism generally contains the same complement of genetic material. DNA molecules are the largest macromolecules in the cell and are commonly packaged into structures called chromosomes. Most bacteria and viruses have a single chromosome, whereas eukaryotic cells usually contain many. 1.Viral DNA molecules are relatively small 1.1 Viruses generally contain considerably less genetic information than cells. An infectious virus particle often consists of no more than its genome (usually a single RNA or DNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat). 2 Bacteria contain chromosomes and extrachromosomal DNA 2.1 Chromosomal DNA The chromosome of an E. coli cell is a single double-stranded circular DNA molecule. Its 4,639,221 base pairs have a contour length of about 1.7 mm, some 850 times the length of the E. coli cell. Bacterial DNA must have an even more tightly compacted tertiary structure the viral DNA. 蛋白质骨架 The DNA is negatively supercoiled, complexed to several histone-like proteins and organize into about 50 domains bound to a protein scaffold. 2.2 Extrachromosomal DNA In addition to the very large, circular DNA chromosome in the nucleoid, many bacteria contain one or more small, circular DNA molecules that are free in the cytosol. These extrachromosomal elements are called plasmids. DNA from a lysed E. coli cell 3. Eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than do prokaryotes Human cells and many other mammalian cells have about 600 times as much DNA as E. coli. The plants and amphibians contain an even greater amount. The total contour length of all the DNA in a single human cell is about 2 m. Chromosomes contain both DNA and protein. Most of the protein is histones, but there are also nonhistone proteins. This nuclear DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. In the nucleus, each chromosome contains a single linear double-stranded DNA molecule. Complete set of chromosomes from a leukocyte. There are