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CHAPTER 5Forced Convection: Internal FlowsADRIAN BEJANDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke UniversityDurham,Noarolina5.15.2IntroductionLaminar ?ow and pressure CHAPTER 5 Forced Convection: Internal Flows ADRIAN BEJAN Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke University Durham,No arolina 5.1 5.2 Introduction Laminar ?ow and pressure drop 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Flow entrance region Fully developed ?ow region Hydraulic diameter and pressure drop 5.3 Heat transfer in fully developed ?ow Mean temperature Thermally fully developed ?ow Heat transfer in developing ?ow 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 Thermal entrance region Thermally developing Hagen–Poiseuille ?ow Thermally and hydraulically developing ?ow 5.5 5.6 Optimal channel sizes forlaminar?ow Turbulent duct ?ow 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 Time-averaged equations Fully developed ?ow Heat transfer in fully developed ?ow 5.7 Total heat transfer rate 5.7.1 Isothermal wall 5.7.2 Wall heat niformly 5.8 5.9 Optimal channel sizes forturbulent ?ow Summary of forced convection relationships Nomenclature References 5.1 INTRODUCTION An internal ?ow is a ?ow con?guration where the ?owing material is surrounded by solid walls. Streams that ?ow through ducts are primary examples of internal ?ows. Heat exchangers are conglomerates of internal ?ows. This class of ?uid ?ow and 395 BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley Sons / Page 395 / 2nd Proofs / Heat Transfer Handbook / Bejan 396FORCED CONVECTION: INTERNAL FLOWSconvection phenomena distinguishes itself from the class of an external ?ow, which is treated in Chapters 6 (forced-convection 396 FORCED CONVECTION: INTERNAL FLOWS convection phenomena distinguishes itself from the class of an external ?ow, which is treated in Chapters 6 (forced-convection external) and 7 (natural convection). In an external ?ow con?guration, a solid object is surrounded by the ?ow. There are two basic questions for the engineer who contemplates using an internal ?ow con?guration. One is