澳洲大学石油工程讲座598500and598510surfacefac.pptx

SURFACE FACILITIES FOR WATERFLOODING SALT WATER DISPOSALFUNDAMENTALSHandling of water is inherent to oil gas operationsMust dispose of produced waterWaterflood projects require handling produced source waterA major portion of field operation costsFUNDAMENTALSFour basic steps common to water disposal waterfloodingCollection from producing or source wellsTreatment to improve quality prevent corrosionStorage to provide flexibilityInjection or surface disposalFUNDAMENTALSWater disposal can be accomplished in several ways:EvaporationRiver and stream disposalTidewater ocean disposalPressure gravity injection into subsurface formationsFUNDAMENTALSSource water for floods may be of several originsWater associated with oil gas productionOceans, lakes riversSubsurface aquifersGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSMust obtain approvalApply present testimonyReservoir dataWell dataSurface facilitiesEconomic feasibility studiesGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSAgencies involved in USAState regulatorsU.S.G.S.Fish wildlife commissionsEnvironmental protection agenciesMore added all the timeDESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSSurface disposal systemsGather water for disposal into pits, streams, tidewater or oceansDESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSLeases may be tied into field gathering linesTreat water for removal of oilDESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSMay require clarification for stream disposalUnsightly appearance creates problems with land-owners and government inspectorsDESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSSubsurface disposal systems waterflood systemsMust provide all four basic steps (gathering, treating, storage injection)DESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSThree types of systemsOpen—water in contact with airClosed—air excluded from systemSemi-closed—oil or gas blanket to exclude airDESIGN TO MEET REGULATIONSTwo main design factorsCharacteristics of water to be injectedCharacteristics of injection wellOPEN VS. CLOSED SYSTEMSOpen SystemWater stability in the formation has been lost by production process, reducing pressure and temperature