材料专业英语有机物命名与聚合物命名.pptxVIP

1.1 Saturated CnH2n+2(alkanes) ) Unbranched The first four members have semi-trivial names (俗名), Following the members of the series are given systematic names. In these names, the ending “–ane” is combined with the Greek (Latin) numerical term for the number of C-atoms, in the chain. Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10;1; CnH2n+1 radicals (alkyls) CH4 methane; CH3—methyl “ane”→“yl” Butane →butyl; propane →propyl Pentane →pentyl; hexane →hexyl Heptane→heptyl; octane →octyl Nonane→nonyl; decane→decyl ;CnH2n radicals (1) “ane”→ “ylidene” (叉，亚基) H3C-CH= Ethylidene (乙叉，亚乙基) H3C-CH2-CH= Propylidene(亚丙基) (2) A divalent radical with two terminal ‘yl’(撑): “ane”→“ylene” -CH2-: methylene; -CH2-CH2-: Ethylene （乙撑） (3) CnH2n-1 radicals CH≡（ylidyne，次基，“川”）methylidyne CH3 C≡ethylidyne（次乙基，乙川）;b) Branched Saturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by (1) choosing the longest main chain; and (2) prefixing the designations of the side chains to the name of the main chain (in alphabetical order); 2,3,5-trimethylhexane; 1.2 Unsaturated 1.2.1 CnH2nAlkenes CnH2n-2Alkynes Alkane→alkene(alkadiene) : “ane”→“ene”(adiene) Alkane→alkyne(alkadiyne) : “ane”→“yne”(adiyne);Retained trivial names H2C=CH2 Ethylene (ethene) HC≡CH Acetylene (ethyne) ; 2-Butenyl; Cyclic hydrocarbons 在相同碳原子数的烷烃名称前面加“cyclo”(饱和单环化合物); Aromatic group; Ether (醚);甲基异丙醚 甲基丙醚 methyl i-propyl ether methyl n-propyl ether; Alcohol (phenol) （醇，苯酚）; Ketone(酮); Aldehyde(醛); The atom =O and the group –OH on one and the same carbon atom are together denoted by a suffix “-oic” attached to the name of the parent aliphatic chain and the word “acid ”is added thereafter; 常见有机酸在英文中常用俗名，系统名称反而不被采用。;Systematic names Trivial Names Ethanedioic acid Ox’alicacid （草酸） Propanedioic acid Ma’lonicacid （胡萝卜酸） Butanedioic acid Suc’cinicacid （琥珀酸