西方文明史复习整理.docxVIP

— PAGE \* Arabic 1 — 西方文明史复习整理 人类文明的摇篮:美索不达米亚平原  Early Greece：  克里特文明：Minoan civilization was the first advanced European civilization.  迈锡尼文明-好战  黑暗时代-伊利亚特、奥德修斯  古时代-奴隶制、一定程度上的民主、城邦国  古时代三大民族：科林斯-贸易、斯巴达-军事、雅典-民主  古希腊：雅典、between the Battle of Marathon to the end of the Peloponnesian War. Alexander the great  Rome - from Kingdom to Republic and Empire  The Punic Wars – Rome came into conflict with Carthage, the North African Empire  结果：罗马战胜迦太基，大量奴隶涌入罗马，造成经济危机，贫富差距扩大，众多农民失业。造成奴隶起义，罗马侵略希腊。  罗马共和国后期，三党政治，刺杀国王不断，各党派争夺王位  Octavian was the victor of the second Triumvirate and the first dictator of the Roman Empire. He never called himself Emperor or Dictator, simply First Citizen.  至此，罗马共和国灭亡，罗马帝国开始。  基督教在罗马不断被迫害压制，但最终被接受，成为罗马帝国官方宗教。  476ad The end of antiquity(在欧洲尤指中世纪前的)古代, beginning of The Middle Ages  Why did Rome fall?  Increasing power of the military, leading to increasing instability  To meet the increasing demands of the military, Emperors would debase the currency.  Prices skyrocketed as a result, leading to more instability.(economy)  A vicious circle.  Almost every Emperor was assassinated towards the end of the Western Roman Empire.(politics) Increasingly difficult to defend the borders of the Empire from barbarians.  The barbarians themselves, mainly Germans, became more organized and successful.  By the time of Rome?s collapse, barbarian armies may have had better weapons and tactics than their Roman enemies.  Roman influence on the barbarian world also taught fighting skills to the barbarians who became strong enough to challenge Rome itself.  Additionally, an economy based upon agriculture, slavery and looting抢劫was unsustainable.  Diocletian戴克里先split the Empire into 2 halves(try to restore, but failed. Persecution of Christianity)  Constantine 康士坦丁responsible for shifting the imperial capital to the East. He is also well known for converting t