农业生态系统的能量流.pptxVIP

Chapter 4 Energy flow in the agroecosystem农业生态系统的能量流 任何生命过程无不自始至终贯穿着能量、物质和信息的有组织、有秩序的流动。能量的输入、传递、转化、做功，是生态系统最重要的功能；农业生态系统的能量流动，是体现农业生产持续运转的基本过程。The laws of thermodynamics describe the transformation of energy from one form to another The first law of thermodynamics deals with the conservation of energy, stating that one kind of energy may be transformed into another form, energy itself cannot be created or destroyed.热力学第一定律认为：一个系统的任何状态的变化，都伴随着吸热、放热和做功，而系统的总能量并不增加或减少，它是守恒的。即ΔE=ΔQ+ΔW。ΔE表示系统内能的变化，ΔQ表示系统吸热或放热，ΔW表示自身做功或系统对外做功。热力学第二定律（能量衰变定律）The second law of thermodynamics basically says that no energy transfer from one form to another is 100% efficient (often, the additional energy is lost as heat).由于总有一部分能量散发为不能再利用的热能，能量从一种形态转变为另一种形态的效率，总不可能是百分之百。Prigogine’s dissipative structure耗散结构是指在远离平衡区的非平衡状态下，系统可能出现的一种稳定化的有序结构。一个远离平衡态的开放系统，通过与外界环境所进行的物质、能量的不断交换，就能克服无序状态，维持稳定状态。Energy or Trophic PyramidSun农业生态系统Pyramid of energy flowFood Chain食物链The transfer of food energy from the source in autotrophs (plants) through a series of organisms that consume and are consumed is called the food chain. 食物链是指在生态系统中来源于植物的食物能，通过一系列吃与被吃的营养关系，把生物与生物联系起来的生物链条。每个链节上的生物都构成下一链节生物的食物能来源。食物链的不同链节称为营养级。植物是第一营养级，草食动物是第二营养级，依次类推。 水稻 稻飞虱 青蛙 蛇 老鹰营养级 一 二 三 四 五A generalized food chain showing the passage of food from producer to third level carnivores食物链类型 Types of food chain根据食性的不同，食物链分为四种类型：捕食食物链 Grazing food chain腐食食物链（又称碎屑食物链或残渣食物链）Detritus food chain混合食物链 Mixed Food chain寄生食物链Parasitism food chainLindemans law of trophic efficiencyAs the energy is transferred upward through trophic levels, the amount of production energy available to the next level becomes smaller and smaller.Lindeman was an ecologist who worked on the ecology of a small lake in Minnesota. He died in 1942 when he was only 26 years old. His last paper published in 1942 after his death.Lindemans law of trophic efficiency states that the efficienc