大二下分子生物学chapter.pptxVIP

Chapter 10;DNA分子内或分子间发生遗传信息的重新组合，称为遗传重组 (genetic recombination), 或者基因重排(gene rearrangement)。重组产物为重组体DNA (recombinant DNA)。DNA的重组广泛存在于各类生物,以允许遗传交换、染色体上基因重排、断裂DNA及停滞复制叉的修复。真核生物基因间重组多发生在减数分裂(meiosis)时同源染色体之间的交换(crossover)。 DNA重组不仅对生物进化起着关键的作用，还参与许多重要的生物学过程。它为DNA损伤或复制障碍提供修复机制。某些生物的基因表达受DNA重组的调节。 DNA重组包括同源重组（homologous recombination）、位点专一性重组（site-specific recombination）和转座重组（transposition recombination）等类型。; Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks. ;同源重组的特点：1）要求较大的同源DNA片段（75bp）才能进行交换；同时需要重组酶（如RecA）参与。2）同源片段相同或相近，在任何位点均可发生重组，但是存在重组热点；3）整个基因组重组频率不恒定，受综合效应和局部效应的影响；卵母细胞精母细胞。女性联会复合体的长度及重组频率都是男性的2倍。 同源重组的功能：1)维持生物种群的多样性；2）染色体瞬间的物理连接，对染色体正确分离到子代细胞中至关重要。3）用于损伤修复。 ;Chapter 10;Chapter 10;Chapter 10;Chapter 10;Holliday模型中，同源重组的4个关键步骤 ;Chapter 10;Chapter 10;Chapter 10;切开的链与原来断裂的是同一条链，重组体含有一段异源双链区，其两侧来自同一亲本DNA。;Chapter 10;DSBs in DNA arise quite frequently. In bacteria, the major biological role of homologous recombination is to repair DSBs (Ionizing radiation, damage in the DNA template); DSBs also promotes genetic exchange. In eukaryotic cells, homologous recombination is critical for DNA repairing, as well as for the process of chromosomal pairing during meiosis.;Figure 10-1. Damage in the DNA template can lead to DSB formation during replication; Recombination is often initiated by ds breaks in DNA. Initiating event is a DSB in 1 of 2 molecules – more likely model than Holliday which requires 2 ss breaks at same place in 2 molecules. After initiation DNA-cleaving molecules degrade broken DNA to form ssDNA tails terminating in 3’OH ends.; ssDNA tails invade the unbroken homologous DNA duplex. Invasion may be initially by single strand, then 2 invading strands, strands pair w/ complementary strand. Invading strands serve as 3’ prim