生物化学甲课件史锋glycolysis and.pptx

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis;Outline; 1. Glycolysis;1.3 Characters:;History;1.4 History;1.5 Glucose Is an Important Fuel for Most Organisms;Why is glucose instead of some other monosaccharide such a prominent fuel?;Second, glucose has a low tendency, relative to other monosaccharides, to nonenzymatically glycosylate proteins. In their open-chain (carbonyl) forms, monosaccharides can react with the amino groups of proteins to form Schiff bases, which rearrange to form a more stable amino ketone linkage. Such nonspecifically modified proteins often do not function effectively. Glucose has a strong tendency to exist in the ring formation and, consequently, relatively little tendency to modify proteins.;1.6 Fermentations Provide Usable Energy in the Absence of Oxygen; In the presence of oxygen, the most common situation in multicellular organisms and many unicellular ones, pyruvate is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water through the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation generates a lesser amount of energy; pyruvate is converted, or fermented, into lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation or into ethanol in alcoholic fermentation; Although we will consider only these two fermentations, microorganisms are capable of generating a wide array of molecules as end points to fermentation. Indeed, many food products are the result of fermentations. These foods include sour cream, yogurt, various cheeses, beer, wine, and sauerkraut.;1.7 GLYCOLYSIS IS AN ENERGY-CONVERSION PATHWAY IN MANY ORGANISMS;Hexokinase;Hexokinase;Induced fit in hexokinase; The glucose-induced structural changes are significant in two respects; 1.7.2 Stages of glycolysis ;1.7.3 The Formation of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatefrom Glucose 6-phosphate;phosphoglucose isomerase; The reaction catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase includes additional steps because both glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate are present pr