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CHAPTER 5Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors ;Introduction;Chapter 5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors ;§5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues; u is an eigenvector corresponding to an eigenvalue (-4) v is not an eigenvector of A;§5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues;§5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues;Example： Let By Theorem 1, The eigenvalues of A are 3, 0 an 2. The eigenvalues of B are 4 and 1. What does it mean for a matrix A to have a eigenvalue of 0?;A matrix A has an eigenvalue of 0, if and only if the equation has a nontrivial solution. It means A is not invertible. So the Invertible Matrix Theorem can be continued: 0 is an eigenvalue of A if and only if A is not invertible.;§5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues; (1) × λp+1 - (2) Since {v1,…,vp } is linearly independent, the weights in (3) are all zero. But the factors λi- λp+1 are nonzero, because the eignvalues are distinct. Hence ci = 0. It is opposite to the (1) So {v1,…,vr} is linearly independent.;λ;If A is an n*n matrix, then Xk+1 = AXk (k=0,1,2,…) is a recursive description of a sequence { xk } in Rn. A solution of this equation is an explicit description of {xk} whose formula for each xk does not depend directly on A or on the preceding terms in the sequence other than the initial trem x0; How to solve? Take an eigenvector x0 and its corresponding eigenvalue λ and let xk= λkx0 ( k=1,2,…) This sequence works, because Axk=A(λkx0 )= λk (Ax0 )= λk (λ x0 )= λk+1 x0 =Xk+1 Linear Combinations of solutions of the form above are solutions, too.;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;Review;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;Example ：Compute det A for Solution： Or;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;§5.2 The Characteristic Equation;;Some Concept: 1. If A is an n×n matrix, the