【产品手册】挪威石油Statoil_业务宣传册Brochure_Shale_Drilling_Hyd.docxVIP

SHALE SHALE FACTS Drilling hydraulic fracturing How it’s done, responsibly PROTECTING GROUNDWATERWe conduct baseline assessments to evaluate the quality of the groundwater to ensure that PROTECTING GROUNDWATER We conduct baseline assessments to evaluate the quality of the groundwater to ensure that our activities are not negatively affecting the freshwater sources in the area. PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are established technologies used to develop shale resources. Hydraulic fracturing is a proven engineering activity. Since its introduction in 1949, it is estimated that more than 2.5 million wells have been hydraulically fractured worldwide. (Journal of Petroleum Technology) Drilling and hydraulic fracturing 14-40 days A well is drilled vertically until just above the target zone, where it curves before it is directed horizontally into the selected shale formation. After the well is drilled, it is hydraulically fractured to allow oil and gas to migrate into the wellbore and to the surface. Shale well overview Vertical drilling Casing Horizontal drilling Hydraulic fracturing WELL DESIGN Statoil designs its wells with due consideration for local operating environments and challenges. For example, in North America this means cementing at least two casing strings in-place to isolate groundwater aquifers from hydrocarbon bearing zones and performing operational evaluations and diagnostic tests on all well casing after the cementing stage to verify wellbore integrity. SOLID WASTE FROM DRILLING SOLID WASTE FROM DRILLING Returned Returned (produced) water and drill cuttings (rock from the borehole) are waste products generated by shale oil and gas production. Waste management options include burial onsite or at a landfill, underground injection, re-use treatment or road fill. SECURING SECURING THE WELL All wells sites are equipped with All wells sites are equipped with a Blow Out Preventer (BOP) at the surface during the drilling ph