经济学原理（微观）：第13讲 寡头、博弈论.pptVIP

OLIGOPOLY * 结论 寡头市场的结果可能像垄断市场或者竞争市场，这要取决于企业的数量以及它们如何合作 囚徒困境揭示了对企业来讲要维持合作是多么的困难，尽管这样做最符合它们的利益 政策制定者利用反托拉斯法来监管寡头企业的行为。这些法律的合理界限是目前讨论问题的热点 0 * 均衡含义：如果同业中的两家厂商经营同样的产品，且成本一样，则价格战必定使每家厂商按价格等于边际成本的原则经营，即使获正常利润；但如果两家厂商的成本不同，则从长期看，成本低的厂商必定挤走成本高的厂商。 * * * * 策略互动：参与结果取决于双方的行为。做出合理选择，要考虑对方怎么选。所以，求解博弈的基本方法，一定站在对方立场上想。 * * * * * * * * * * * Understanding the payoffs: Mutual cooperation is the benchmark outcome: Payoffs in other cells are differences in votes received relative to the mutual cooperation outcome. (This does not mean that there is a tie in the mutual cooperation outcome or the mutual defection outcome. It means that the winner will be decided by factors other than whether attack ads run or not.) Consider R’s decision. R is better off defecting (running ads attacking D) whether D cooperates or defects. If D cooperates, R’s attack ads result in 1000 more votes for R and 3000 fewer votes for D. If D defects, R loses fewer votes if he runs the attack ad than if he cooperates. Hence, running attack ads is a dominant strategy for R. The payoffs here are symmetric, so defecting is also D’s dominant strategy. This game has a Nash equilibrium in which both candidates defect. This is why, in the real world, we see so many attack ads in the weeks leading up to an election. * * * * If you’re so inclined, this might be a good place to mention the infamous phone call in which Robert Crandall, CEO of American Airlines, tried to convince Braniff’s CEO Howard Putnam to raise fares 20%. If you can dig up a transcript of the conversation to read in class (try a simple Google search), students will find it interesting: it has lots of curse words. * * As I prepare this PowerPoint, I am shopping for a home theater sound system. My experience is relevant to this slide, and students have had similar experiences when shopping for stereo components, computers, or other products. I visited a local store to check out different brands and models. The salesperson at