经济学原理（微观）：第14章 完全竞争.pptVIP

* When the AR column appears, note that AR = P at every quantity. This, of course, is a tautology. When the MR column appears, note that MR is less than P. This is not as easy to see, because the MR numbers are offset from the rows of the table, just as if you were in an elevator stuck between two floors. But students can still see that MR P. For example, in the range of output of Q=2 to Q=3, the price ranges from $3.50 to $3.00, but MR is only $2. * * The numbers in the table are from the preceding exercise. Students can see either from the table or the graph that, at any Q, MR P. * * Note that a competitive firm has the output effect but not the price effect: the competitive firm does not need to reduce its price in order to sell a larger quantity, so, for the competitive firm, MR = P. * * Here, we assume constant marginal cost for simplicity. PM and QM denote the monopoly price and quantity, respectively. PC and QC denote the competitive price and quantity, respectively. * * It’s worth mentioning the following: Most people know that monopoly changes the way the economic “pie” is divided: by charging higher prices, the monopoly gets more surplus and consumers get less surplus. The analysis on this slide shows that the monopoly also reduces the size of the economic pie – by producing less than the socially efficient quantity and causing a deadweight loss. * * In this example, the firm is not charging different prices to different customers, but charging different prices to the same customer based on that customer’s declining willingness to pay for additional units. 52 MONOPOLY * 垄断政策问题 用反托拉斯法增强竞争： 禁止一些反竞争的行为，允许政府打破垄断 例如：谢尔曼反托拉斯法(1890)，克莱顿法案(1914) 管制自然垄断 政府机构设定垄断价格 对于自然垄断，在任一产量上 MC ATC ，因此边际成本定价会导致损失 如果这样，管制者可以补贴垄断者或者把价格定为P = ATC 来使垄断者赚到零利润 管制自然垄断 MR 15 数量（百万立方英尺/天） 价格与成本（美分/立方英尺） 0 3 4 10 18 20 30 ATC 利润最大化 2 1 MC 平均成本定价 边际成本定价 MONOPOLY * 对垄断的公共政策 公有制 例如：美国的邮政服务 问题：公有制通常是无效率的，因为企业没有利润激励去降低成本 不作为 每一项政策都有它的缺点，因此最好的政策是没有政策 MONOPO