四川大学病理学课件19communica.pptxVIP

传 染 病;2007年5月全国甲、乙类传染病发病、死亡统计表;Contents;Definition;General Concept;传染病的发生,发展和结局取决于病原体的致病能力和机体的反应性 病原体的致病能力 侵袭力 毒力 数量 变异性;机 体 的 反 应 性;病原微生物的致病机理;传染病的基本特征;; 高致病性禽流感 病原体：高致病性禽流感病毒（H5N1型病毒 ） 传染源：患病家禽 传播途径：和家禽直接接触，或者家禽粪便污 染的表面或物体直接接触 易感人群：健康儿童和年轻成年人 ;Tuberculosis;History Epidemiology;  Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection by inhalation of the bacteria Pulmonary TB most common, but all organs, include. CNS, may be attacked ;  Until ca. 1959; 50% of all infected died (High mortality) First effective drug: Streptomycin 1946; During the 1980’s TB cases began to increase again even in the industrialized world (AIDS, drug resistance, released prevention to TB), The World Health Organization declared TB a global emergency in 1993. 1.7 Billion individuals were affected worldwide(1/3~4) 8-10 Million new cases each year 3 Million will die in each year No new drugs on the market ; Definition Tuberculosis is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis （Tubercle bacillus）. It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body. Typically, the center of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis.;Significant contributions 1882，Robert Koch (German) discovered a staining technique( Acid-fast ) that enabled him to see Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1890， Robert Koch (German) discovered Tuberculin. 1921，Developed in the early 1900s by Frenchmen Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, BCG is made from live, weakened Mycobacterium bovis, a close relative of the bacterium that causes TB in humans. 1940’，Tuberculosis Chemotherapy started by Streptomycin (1946) discorvery. First line drugs today: Isoniacid, Pyridazinamide, Ethambutol, Rifampicin;Robert Koch，Germany The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 ; Acid-fast;Tuberculin test By injection of PPD (purified protein derivative of M.tuberculosis;Within 48 to 72 hours, a positive TB skin test is