微纳电子材料与工艺12光相互作用.pptx

微纳电子材料与工艺（12）北京大学深圳研究生院周航 zhouh81@Light is an electromagnetic waveAn electromagnetic wave is a traveling wave that has time-varying electric and magnetic Fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation z.Ex = Eo cos(?t???kz + ??) Ex = electric field along x at position z at time t, k = propagation constant, or wavenumber = 2?/?? = wavelength? = angular frequencyEo = amplitude of the wave?? is a phase constant which accounts for the fact that at t = 0 and z = 0 Ex may or may not necessarily be zero depending on the choice of origin. (?t???kz + ??) = ? = phase of the wave . This equation describes a monochromatic plane wave of infinite extent traveling in the positive z direction.zExponential NotationRecall that cos??= Re[exp(j?)] where Re refers to the real part. Thus, Ex(z,t) = Re[Eoexp(j??)expj(?t???kz)] or Ex(z,t) = Re[Ecexpj(?t???kz)]where Ec = Eoexp(j?o) is a complex number that represents the amplitude of the wave and includes the constant phase information ?o.WavevectorWe indicate the direction of propagation with a vector k, called the wavevector, whose magnitude is the propagation constant, k = 2?/?. It is clear that k is perpendicular to constant phase planes.When the electromagnetic (EM) wave is propagating along some arbitrary direction k, then the electric field E(r,t) at a point r on a plane perpendicular to k is E (r,t) = Eocos(?t???k?r + ??)If propagation is along z, k?r becomes kz. In general, if k has components kx, ky and kz along x, y and z, then from the definition of the dot product, k?r = kxx + kyy + kzz. A traveling plane EM wave along a direction k.?Phase VelocityThe time and space evolution of a given phase ?, for example that corresponding to a maximum field is described by ? = ?t???kz + ?? = constantDuring a time interval ?t, this constant phase (and hence the maximum field) moves a distance ?z. The phase velocity of this wave is therefore ?z/?t. The phase velocity v iswhere ? is the frequency (? = 2π?)