幻灯片Construal-精品课件.pptVIP

Another example Construal Introduction Tom broke the cup. The cup was broken by Tom. The cup is on the desk. On the desk is the cup. Construal Construal relates to the way a language user chooses to ‘package’ and ‘present’ a conceptual representation as encoded in language, which in turn has consequences for the conceptual representation that the utterance evokes in the mind of the hearer. This is achieved by choosing a particular focal adjustment and thus linguistically ‘organising’ a scene in a specific way. In so doing, the speaker imposes a unique construal upon that scene. Back to the examples Tom broke the cup. The cup was broken by Tom. The cup is on the desk. On the desk is the cup. Example (a) the glass with water in it (b) the water in the glass (c) the glass is half-full (d) the glass is half-empty Give and receive Two Interpretations of church ‘‘Figure/Ground’’ distinction ‘‘Figure/Ground’’ distinction, well known from studies in Gestalt psychology, was introduced into Cognitive Linguistics (even before it was known under that name) through the work of Talmy (1978). In visual perception, one element may be the focus of attention—the ‘‘Figure’’; it is perceived as a prominent coherent element and set off against the rest of what is in the field of vision—the ‘‘Ground.’’ Focal adjustment Focal adjustment relates to the way in which attention is differentially focused on a particular aspect of a given scene. This is achieved in language by a range of focal adjustments which ‘adjust the focus’ on a particular aspect of any given scene by using different linguistic expressions or different grammatical constructions to describe that scene. Parameters of focal adjustment There are three parameters along which a focal adjustment can vary. The three parameters are: (1) selection; (2) perspective; and (3) abstraction (2). Together, these parameters provide different ways of focusing attention upon, and thus providing a unique construal of, a scene. Selection