的一个重点在於下层的协定提供服给其上一层.pptVIP

Applications that do not need reliability Audio Video stream For example, if one or two segments of a video stream fail to arrive, it would only create a momentary disruption in the stream. This may appear as distortion in the image but may not even be noticeable to the user. Use UDP TCP in details The key distinction between TCP and UDP is reliability How does TCP ensure reliability? Sequence number in each segment Positively acknowledge to the sender upon receiving segments Retransmit segments if no acknowledge is received from the receiver Sequence number Ack number Positive Acknowledgement TCP Retransmission Flags URG - Urgent pointer field ACK - Acknowledgement field PSH - Push function RST - Reset the connection SYN - Synchronize sequence numbers FIN - No more data from sender TCP connection establishmentestablishing connection-oriented connection(three-way handshake) Details on 3-way handshake - 1 Details on 3-way handshake - 2 Details on 3-way handshake - 3 Simple Acknowledgement What’s the problem with SimpleAcknowledgement? Network usage efficiency Adjust the Window Size (=3) Window Size – TCP’s way Window size determines the amount of data that can be transmitted at one time before receiving an acknowledgement After a host transmits the window-sized number of bytes, it must receive an acknowledgement before it can send any more messages Window Size – TCP’s way Transport Layer Outline Functions of Transport Layer Transport Layer Protocols that are in use TCP UDP Transport layer Transport layer Transport layer servicing its upper layer Transport layer relieving its lower layer’s burden Layered protocols 的一個重點在於下層的協定提供服務給其上一層 1. 那 … 思考一下，Application Layer 有  哪些應用？ 2. 你覺得 Transport 需哪些功能以提供這 些應用所需？ Application Layer 有哪些應用？ Facts learned from previous slide … 有很多應用，同時經由網路與遠端另一主機溝通 Can you name a few of these applications? MSN, IE, etc 每種應用的特性不同 Can you name a few of these characteristics? Email vs Internet phone (Skype