专业英语复习6basis of genetics-1.pptxVIP

Basis of Genetics;Genetics-“origin”, a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. ;The modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits in a discrete manner—these basic units of inheritance are now called genes. ;DNA, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides—the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit. ;DNA Double Helix;1 Blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents. 2 Inheritance of acquired characteristics: the belief that individuals inherit traits strengthened by their parents 3 Other theories included the Pangenesis of Charles Darwin (which had both acquired and inherited aspects) and Francis Galtons reformulation of pangenesis as both particulate and inherited.;Mendelian and classical genetics ; He carried out his research with more precision than had yet been used. He also used the new science of statistics to analyse the results of his experiments. This use of mathematics to describe biological phenomena was a new concept. ;Mendel did his pioneering work from 1856 to 1865 and his results were published in one paper (reports) in 1866. With the lack of communication at those times, it is not surprising that his work went unnoticed until 1900 when another group if scientists repeated the experiments and then found that Mendel had already developed the ideas some 40 years previous. ;Out of Mendels work came two Laws of inheritance: 1) Mendel proposed that heredity was controlled by paired factors that segregated when gametes formed