文本课件微生物chapter4-eucaryotes b73.pptxVIP

Chapter FourEucaryotic cells and microorganisms4.1 The nature of eucaryotes4.2 Form and function of the eucaryotic cell: external structures 4.3 Form and function of the eucaryotic cell: internal structures 4.4 Survey of eucaryotic microorganisms4.4 Survey of eucaryotic microorganisms Molds Mushrooms Fungi Yeasts Algae Protozoa Protists(原生生物） structure Reproduction Classification Identification importanceFigure 5.14 RNA-based phylogenetic tree and taxonomy of Domain Eukarya (Foundations 8th, P136)4.4.1 The kingdom of the FungiMold coloniesYeast coloniesYeast cellsMold growing on an orangemushroomPenicillium mold Images of FungiFungi100,000 species divided into 2 groups:macroscopic fungi ( mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)Majority are unicellular or colonial, a few complex forms such as mushrooms and puffballs are considered as multicellularFungal nutrition All are heterotrophic: Gr. hetero,other, and troph, to feed.异养型Most are saprobes: Gr. sapros, rotten, and bios, to live.腐生生物Parasite:寄生物Digest an incredible array of substanceCan live in poor or adverse environmentChapter 4The importance of fungi全世界平均每年由于霉变而不能食（饲）用的谷物约占2%。霉菌同人类的生产、生活关系密切，是人类实践活动中最早认识和利用的一类微生物。如小麦锈病、稻瘟病等，使粮食作物大幅减产。风味食品、酒精、抗生素（青霉素、灰黄霉素）、有机酸（柠檬酸、葡萄糖酸、延胡索酸等）、酶制剂（淀粉酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶等）、维生素、甾体激素等。在农业上用于饲料发酵、植物生长刺激素（赤霉素）、杀虫农药（白僵菌剂）等。Microscopic fungiExist in 2 morphologiesyeast – round ovoid shape, asexual reproductionhyphae – long filamentous fungi or moldsSome exist in either form – dimorphic – characteristic of pathogensOrganization of Microscopic Fungi1. Unicellular fungi2. Filamentous fungiA.The morphology of yeastBud:芽Bud scar:芽痕Pseudohypha:假菌丝It is not true hypha, a chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row.1、酵母菌多分布在含糖的偏酸性环境，也称为“糖菌”。如水果、蔬菜、树叶、树皮等处，及葡萄园和果园土壤中等。2、酵母菌是重要的微生物资源；酵母菌是人类的第一种“家养微生物”。3、重要的科研模式微生物；啤酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisae）第一个完成全基因组序列测定的真核生物（1997）。4、有些酵母菌具有危害性。有些酵母菌能引起皮肤、呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道疾病B.The morphology of filamentous fungi