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Chapter1
Language
语言
1.
Designfeature
(鉴识特色)referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit
fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
2.
Productivity
(能产性)
refers
totheability
that
people
haveinmaking
andcomprehending
indefinitely
largequantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.
3.
arbitrariness
(随意性)
Arbitrariness
refers
to
the
phenomenonthatthere
is
no
motivated
relationshipbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.
4.
symbol
(符号)
Symbol
refers
tosomething
such
asanobject,
word,or
soundthatrepresents
something
elsebyassociationorconvention.
5.
discreteness
(
失散性)Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguageare
meaningfullydistinct.
6.
displacement
(不受时空限制的特征)Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeused
totalkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.
7.
duality
ofstructure
(构造二重性)Theorganization
oflanguageinto
twolevels,
one
of
sounds,the
otherofmeaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.
8.
culturetransmission
(文化流传)Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassed
onfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.
9.
interchangeability
(交换性)
Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducer
andareceiverofmessages.
★Whatislanguage?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.
First,languageisasystem.
Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.
Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.
★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:
Productivity.
Discreteness.
Displacement
Arbitrariness.
Culturaltransmission
Dualityofstructure.
Interchangeability.
Whydowesaylanguageisasystem?
Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhich
alanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.
4.★(Functionoflanguage.)Accordingt
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