种群生态学特征.ppt

种群生态 Death rate, or mortality rate, is the number of individuals dying during a given time interval divided by the average population size over that time interval. This is an instantaneous rate and be estimated for the population as a whole or for specific age classes to give the age specific mortality rate. Physiological mortality Ecological mortality or realized mortality （生态死亡率或实际死亡率） Mortality 第27页，共58页，2022年，5月20日，14点55分，星期五 种群生态 Immigration; Emigration. Frequency; Spatial scale; Open vs. close population; Landscape resistance; Individual flow vs. gene flow; Population dynamics, geographical pattern and evolutionarily speciation. 比较： Migration Dispersal Locomotion Migration 第28页，共58页，2022年，5月20日，14点55分，星期五 种群生态 3. 性比 Sexual ratio The sex ratio usually be 1:1. But there existed some Exceptions: Monogamous(一雄一雌): Each individual has one mate Polygynous(一雄多雌): One male mates with multiple females, Females must care for the young, Mammals tend to be polygynous Polyandrous(一雌多雄):One female mates with multiple males, Practiced by a few species of birds. 第29页，共58页，2022年，5月20日，14点55分，星期五 种群生态 人、猿等高等动物的性比为1:1；鸭类等一些鸟类以及许多昆虫的性比大于1；蜜蜂、蚂蚁等社会性昆虫的性比小于1。 种群的性比值会随着其个体发育阶段的变化而发生改变。 根据不同发育阶段，即配子、出生和性成熟三个时期，性比可相应再分为初级性比、次级性比和三级性比 。 第30页，共58页，2022年，5月20日，14点55分，星期五 4. 年龄结构 Age distribution The age structure of a population is the number of individuals in each age class expressed as a ratio, and is usually displayed as a stationary age distribution. A growing population will have more young. While a declining population will be dominated by older age classes. Where organisms pass through discrete growth stages (e.g. insect larval instars), the number of individuals at each stage (the ‘stage structure’) may provide a useful description of the population. 第31页，共58页，2022年，5月20日，14点55分，星期五 Yan Zhong-cheng 繁殖前期（pre-reproductive period） 繁殖期(reproductive period) 繁殖后期(post-reproductive period) Age structure(年龄结构) Exp