(4.1.3)--Lecture10TheCriticsofDemocracyin哲学概念的基本含义.pptVIP

The Critics of Democracy in Ancient Greece 古希腊的民主批评者 I. Socrates on Democracy 苏格拉底（公元前470 – 399）论民主 Socrates was sentenced to death by Athens in 399 B.C.E. He was accused of corrupting the youth and of not believing in the Gods of the city. Unofficially, the reasons may be that he was unpopular among many people (his cross-examination of people who claimed they were wise but really weren’t was upsetting) and that his highest commitment was to the pursuit of truth, not to the city (many of his own followers were undemocratic or indifferent to politics). 苏格拉底在公元前399年被雅典判处死刑。他因腐化青年和不信仰城邦诸神而被控告。非正式地，其原因可能是他在很多人之中不受欢迎（他对声称自己很聪明但实际上并非如此的人们所进行的交互讯问是令人烦乱的），并且他的最高义务乃是对真理的寻求、而非对城邦（他自己的很多追随者都不民主或对政治漠不关心）。 I. Socrates on Democracy 苏格拉底（公元前470 – 399）论民主 Is Socrates an Enemy of Democracy? 苏格拉底是民主的敌人吗？ -Is Socrates an Enemy of Democracy?苏格拉底是民主的敌人吗？ 1. -Yes (Ernest Barker, I.F. Stone) -是的（厄奈斯特·巴克，I.F. 斯东） He abstained from public affairs (beyond necessary, minimal obligations), saying politics was too corrupt. 他放弃公共事务（超越了必要的、最低限度的义务），说政治太腐败 He criticized the rule of the ignorant majority, saying they decide things without good reasons. 他批评无知的多数的统治，说他们对事情的决定缺乏好的理由。 He gave a bad defense at this trial and almost provoked the jury into sentencing him to death, refusing to compromise and sounding arrogant. 在该审判中他给出了一个坏的辩护，几乎激怒陪审团对他判决死刑，拒绝妥协并出言傲慢。 -Is Socrates an Enemy of Democracy?苏格拉底是民主的敌人吗？ 2. -No (Karl Popper) -不是（卡尔·波普） He was satisfied with the Athenian legal system and he says that we should either obey the law or use persuasion to change it. 他对雅典法律体系感到满意，说我们应当要么服从法律要么运用说服力来改变它。 He endorses conventional moral training. The benefits of such values as ‘never treat one’s own parents with violence’ are great. 他认可习俗性的道德训练。诸如“决不以暴力对待自己的父母”这类价值观的裨益是很大的。 3. Neither Friend nor Enemy? 既非友亦非敌？ Richard Kraut’s argument 理查德·克劳特的论点 Socrates opposes democracy in principle, but he supports it in practice. 苏格拉底在原则上反对民主，但在实践中支持