现象学“先天”的来源及意义.docVIP

现象学“先天”的来源及意义 现象学“先天”的来源及意义 ——从胡塞尔的波尔扎诺转向谈起 张任之 【专题名称】外国哲学 【专 题 号】B6 【复印期号】2011年11期 【原文出处】《学术月刊》(沪)2011年8期第44,52页 【英文标题】The Origin and Significance of the Phenomenological A Priori: The Discussion from the Bolzano-turn of Husserl 【作者简介】张任之(张伟)(1979-)，男，江苏省南通市人，哲学博士，中山大学哲 学系讲师，主要从事现象学、伦理学和欧陆哲学研究，中山大学哲学系，广东 广 州 510275 【内容提要】 通过胡塞尔的波尔扎诺转向，胡塞尔发现了观念对象的独特存在。与康德对 “先天”的理解不一样，现象学先天首先就是一种作为“观念对象”的“对 象性先天”，它导源于波尔扎诺的“概念先天”。同时，这样一种“对象性 先天”还可以进一步被区分为“形式先天”和“质料先天”，这同样要归功 于波尔扎诺。但胡塞尔对于“先天”的现象学理解并没有完全跟随波尔扎 诺。不同于波尔扎诺，胡塞尔强调了“对象性先天”与“意向行为”之间的 本质联系。与胡塞尔一样，舍勒也接受了“对象性先天”，但是他对胡塞尔 的先天理解进行了进一步地批判反省。在他看来，尽管胡塞尔正确地摆脱了 “庸常”的“柏拉图主义”，但还是陷身于新式的、逻辑学意义上的“柏拉 图主义”之中。舍勒对胡塞尔所强调的“相关性先天”进一步彻底化，进而 发展出“相关性原理”。对在“显现和显现者”之间的这种“相关性”或 “相关性先天”的凸显恰恰是现象学超出波尔扎诺而成其为现象学的地方。 Husserl finds the unique being of ideal object through his Bolzano-turn. Distinct from Kants understanding of a priori, the phenomenological a priori is firstly an objective a priori as ideal object, which comes from conceptual a priori of Bolzano. At the same time, the objective a priori can be further divided into formal a priori and material a priori, which thanks to Bolzano as well. But Husserl does not entirely follow Bolzano in the phenomenological understanding of a priori. Unlike Bolzano, Husserl stresses the essential connection between objective a priori and intentional act. Scheler accepts objective a priori as Husserl does, but critically reflects on Husserls understanding of a priori. In Schelers view, Husserl falls in a new type of Platonism in logical sense although he correctly frees himself from the ordinary Platonism. Scheler completely develops the relative a priori which Husserl stresses, and then develops the relative principle. Fundamentally, the highlight of the relativity or relative a priori between appearance and the appearing makes phenomenology surpass Bolzanos theory. And, the phenomenology is impossible without the relativity or relative a priori. 【关 键 词】先天/现象学/柏拉图主义/波尔扎诺/胡塞尔/舍勒a priori; p