理查德·蔡斯：运作管理——供应链管理的视角（精要版第3版）Chap010.pptVIP

Cause-and-Effect Diagram (Fishbone Diagram) Opportunity Flow Diagram Process Control Chart Additional Six Sigma Tools Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) - is a structured approach to identify, estimate, prioritize, and evaluate risk of possible failures at each stage in the process Design of experiments (DOE) - a statistical methodology to determine cause-and-effect relationships between process variables and output Permits experimentation with many variables simultaneously Statistical Quality Control (SQC) The quantitative aspects of quality management Processes usually exhibit some variation in their output Measuring Variation Variation and Specifications Upper specification – the maximum acceptable value for a characteristic Lower specification – the minimum acceptable value for a characteristic Traditional View of Variability Costs Taguchi’s View of Variability Costs Process Capability The ability of a process to consistently produce a good or deliver a service with a low probability of generating a defect Specification limits – range of variation that is considered acceptable by the designer or customer Process limits – range of variation that a process is able to maintain with a high degree of certainty Process Capability Process control limits exceed specification limits – process is not capable of meeting requirements Process Capability Specification control limits exceed process limits (for improved process) – process is capable of meeting requirements Ratio of the range of values produced divided by the range of values allowed Shows how well the parts being produced fit into the range specified by the design specifications Cpk larger than one indicates process is capable When the two numbers are not close, indicates mean has shifted Excel: Process Capability Process Control Procedures Concerned with monitoring quality while the product or service is being produced Statistical process control - testing a sample of output to determine if the process i